WHAT ABOUT THE SCIENCE?

We have looked for the very best evidence-based science discovered by respected professionals and institutions from around the world.  We have then gone and studied the papers so that you don’t have to!

But if you do want to see for yourself, they’re listed below for just three areas.

The Impact of CO₂ Concentrations in Schools:

Aberdeen

Texas

Denmark

Netherlands

How Do CO₂ Concentrations Affect Your Health?

Cognitive Function

Asthma

General Health 

Inflammation and Kidney Calcification

Effects on Sleep and Next-Day Performance

What About CO₂ Concentrations When You Are Driving?

National Safety Council

CDC

SAE

Senseair

There are a large number of highly regarded studies carried out over many years by well-respected individuals and institutions which demonstrate the effects and issues with elevated CO₂ levels.  Just some of these are listed below if you wanted to find out for yourself.

A very good review study was carried out by Tyler Jacobsen and his co-workers.  It can be found at:

Jacobsen TA, Kler, JS, Hernke MT, Braun RK, Meyer KC, Funk, WE; Direct human health risks of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide;  Nature Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0323-1.

This study examined a very large body of research work – some of which is listed below:

• Zheutlin, A. R., Adar, S. D. & Park, S. K. Carbon dioxide emissions and change in prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the United States: an ecological study. Environ. Int. 73, 111–116 (2014). 
• Zappulla, D. Environmental stress, erythrocyte dysfunctions, in ammation, and the metabolic syndrome: adaptations to CO2 increases? J. Cardiometab. Syndr. 3, 30–34 (2008). 
• Costello, A. et al. Managing the health effects of climate change. Lancet 373, 1693-1733 (2009).
• Mora, C. et al. Global risk of deadly heat. Nat. Clim. Change 7, 501-506 (2017). 
• Spengler, J. et al. in Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health (eds Spengler, J. et al.) Ch. 4 (The National Academies Press, 2011).
• Honisch, B., Hemming, N. G., Archer, D., Siddall, M. & McManus, J. F. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration across the mid-Pleistocene transition. Science HA, 1551-1554 (2009). 
• Hayhoe, K. et al. in Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment (eds Wuebbles, D. J. et al.) 133-160 (US Global Change Research Program, 2017).
• Gall, E., Cheung, T., Luhung, I., Schiavon, S. & Nazaroff, W. Real-time monitoring of personal exposures to carbon dioxide. Build. Environ. 104,59-67 (2016). 
• Kriebel, D. et al. The precautionary principle in environmental science. Environ. Health Perspect. 109, 871-876 (2001).
• Crump, D. Climate Change—Health Impacts due to Changes in the Indoor Environment (Institute of Environment and Health, 2011).
• Klepeis, N. E. et al. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. /. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 11, 231-252 (2001). 
• Schweizer, C. et al. Indoor time-microenvironment-activity patterns in seven regions of Europe. /. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 17, 170-181 (2007). 
• Standard 62. 1-2013 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ANSI/ ASHRAE, 2013). 
• Persily, A. Challenges in developing ventilation and indoor air quality standards: the story of ASHRAE Standard 62. Build. Environ. 91, 61-69 (2015). 
• Erdmann, C. A., Steiner, K. C. & Apte, M. G. Indoor carbon dioxide concentrations and sick building syndrome symptoms in the BASE study revisited: analyses of the 100 building dataset. Proc. Indoor Air 2002 3, 443-448 (2002). 
• Nazaroff, W. W. Exploring the consequences of climate change for indoor air quality. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 015022 (2013). 
• Abdel-Salam, M. M. Investigation of PM2 5 and carbon dioxide levels in urban homes. /. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 65, 930-936 (2015). 
• Seppanen, O. A., Fisk, W. J. & Mendell, M. J. Association of ventilation rates and C 0 2 concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air 9, 226-252 (1999). 
• Fisk, W. J. The ventilation problem in schools: literature review. Indoor Air 27, 1039-1051 (2017). 
• Newsham, G. R. et al. Do ‘green buildings have better indoor environments? New evidence. Build. Res. Inf. 41, 415-434 (2013). 
• Liang, H.-H. et al. Satisfaction of occupants toward indoor environment quality of certified green office buildings in Taiwan. Build. Environ. 72, 232-242 (2014). 
• Colton, M. D. et al. Indoor air quality in green vs conventional multifamily low-income housing. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 7833-7841 (2014). 
• Persily, A. & de Jonge, L. Carbon dioxide generation rates for building occupants. Indoor Air 27, 868-879 (2017). 
• Becerra, M., Jerez, A., Valenzuela, M., Garces, H. & Demarco, R. Life quality disparity: analysis of indoor comfort gaps for Chilean households. Energy Policy 121, 190-201 (2018). 
• Mendell, M. J. & Heath, G. A. Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. Indoor Air 15, 27-52 (2005). 
• Boor, B. E., Spilak, M. P., Laverge, J., Novoselac, A. & Xu, Y. Human exposure to indoor air pollutants in sleep microenvironments: a literature review. Build. Environ. 125, 528-555 (2017). 
• Strom-Tejsen, P., Zukowska, D., Wargocki, P. & Wyon, D. P. The effects of bedroom air quality on sleep and next-day performance. Indoor Air 26, 679-686 (2016). 
• Mishra, A. K., van Ruitenbeek, A. M., Loomans, M. G. L. C. & Kort, H. S. M. Window/door opening-mediated bedroom ventilation and its impact on sleep quality of healthy, young adults. Indoor Air 28, 339-351 (2018). 
• Balvis, E., Sampedro, O., Zaragoza, S., Paredes, A. & Michinel, H. A simple model for automatic analysis and diagnosis of environmental thermal comfort in energy efficient buildings. Appl. Energy 177, 60-70 (2016). 
• Ghahramani, A. et al. Personal C02 bubble: context-dependent variations and wearable sensors usability. /. Build. Eng 22, 295-304 (2019). 
• Law, J., Watkins, S. & Alexander, D. In-Flight Carbon Dioxide Exposures and Related Symptoms: Association, Susceptibility, and Operational Implications (NASA Johnson Space Center, 2010). 
• Richardson, E. T. et al. Forced removals embodied as tuberculosis. Soc. Sci. Med. 161, 13-18 (2016). 
• Hudda, N. & Fruin, S. A. Carbon dioxide accumulation inside vehicles: the effect of ventilation and driving conditions. Sci. Total Environ. 610-611, 1448-1456 (2018). 
• Constantin, D., Mazilescu, C.-A., Nagi, M., Draghici, A. & Mihartescu, A.-A. Perception of cabin air quality among drivers and passengers. Sustainability 8, 852 (2016). 
• Cao, X. et al. The on-board carbon dioxide concentrations and ventilation performance in passenger cabins of US domestic flights. Indoor Built Environ. 28, 761-771 (2019). 
• Jacobson, M. Z. Enhancement of local air pollution by urban CO, domes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 2497-2502 (2010). 
• Velasco, E. & Roth, M. Cities as net sources of C02: review of atmospheric CO, exchange in urban environments measured by eddy covariance technique. Geogr. Compass 4, 1238-1259 (2010). 
• Ward, H. C. et al. Effects of urban density on carbon dioxide exchanges: observations of dense urban, suburban and woodland areas of southern England. Environ. Pollut. 198, 186-200 (2015). 
• Bergeron, O. & Strachan, I. B. C02 sources and sinks in urban and suburban areas of a northern mid-latitude city. Atmos. Environ. 45, 1564-1573 (2011). 
• Idso, C. D., Idso, S. B. & Balling, R. C. Jr An intensive two-week study of an urban CO, dome in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Atmos. Environ. 35, 995-1000 (2001). 
• Idso, C. D., Idos, S. B. & Balling, R. C. Jr The urban C02 dome of Phoenix, Arizona. Phys. Geogr. 19, 95-108 (1998). 
• Wang, P. et al. Emission characteristics of atmospheric carbon dioxide in Xian, China based on the measurements of C02 concentration, A C and B 8 C. Sci. Total Environ. 619-620, 1163-1169 (2018). 
• World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2018). 
• George, K., Ziska, L. H., Bunce, J. A. & Quebedeaux, B. Elevated atmospheric C02 concentration and temperature across an urban-rural transect. Atmos. Environ. 41, 7654-7665 (2007). 
• Esquivel-Hernandez, G. et al. Near surface carbon dioxide and methane in urban areas of Costa Rica. Open J. Air Pollut. 4, 208-223 (2015). 
• Briber, B., Hutyra, L., Dunn, A., Raciti, S. & Munger, J. W Variations in atmospheric C02 mixing ratios across a Boston, MA urban to rural gradient. Land 3, 304-327 (2013). 
• Lee, J. K., Christen, A., Ketler, R. & Nesic, Z. A mobile sensor network to map carbon dioxide emissions in urban environments. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10, 645-665 (2017).
• Sahay, S. & Ghosh, C. Monitoring variation in greenhouse gases concentration in urban environment of Delhi. Environ. Monit. Assess. 185, 123-142 (2013). 
• Majumdar, D., Rao, P. & Maske, N. Inter-seasonal and spatial distribution of ground-level greenhouse gases (C02, CH4, N20) over Nagpur in India and their management roadmap. Environ. Monit. Assess. 189, 121 (2017). 
• Gratani, L. & Varone, L. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration variations in Rome: relationship with traffic level and urban park size. Urban Ecosyst. 17, 501-511 (2014). 
• Persily, A. Evaluating building IAQ and ventilation with carbon dioxide. ASHRAE Trans. 103, 193-204 (1997).
• Keun Kim, M. & Choi, J. Can increased outdoor CO, concentrations impact on the ventilation and energy in buildings? A case study in Shanghai, China. Atmos. Environ. 210, 220-230 (2019).
• Okobia, L. E., Hassan, S. M. & Peter, A. Increase in outdoor carbon dioxide and its effects on the environment and human health in Kuje FCT Nigeria. Environ. Health Rev. 60, 104-112 (2017).
• Arceo, E., Hanna, R. & Oliva, P. Does the effect of pollution on infant mortality differ between developing and developed countries? Evidence from Mexico City. Econ. }. 126, 257-280 (2016).
• Lu, R. & Turco, R. P. Air pollutant transport in a coastal environment. Part 1: Two-dimensional simulations of sea-breeze and mountain effects. /. Atmos. Sci. 51, 2285-2308 (1994).
• Bell, M. L. & Davis, D. L. Reassessment of the lethal London fog of 1952:  novel indicators of acute and chronic consequences of acute exposure to air pollution. Environ. Health Perspect. 109, 389-394 (2001).
• Rendon, A. M., Salazar, J. F. & Palacio, C. A. Effects of urbanization on the 85 temperature inversion breakup in a mountain valley with implications for air quality. /. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 53, 840-858 (2014).
• Gago, E. J., Roldan, J., Pacheco-Torres, R. & Ordonez, J. The city and urban heat islands: a review of strategies to mitigate adverse effects. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 25, 749-758 (2013). 
• Lietzke, B. & Vogt, R. Variability of C02 concentrations and fluxes in and above an urban street canyon. Atmos. Environ. 74, 60-72 (2013). 
• Velasco, E. et al. Sources and sinks of carbon dioxide in a neighborhood of Mexico City. Atmos. Environ. 97, 226-238 (2014). 
• Robertson, D. S. The rise in the atmospheric concentration of
  carbon dioxide and the effects on human health. Med. Hypotheses 56, 513-518 (2001). 
• Spengler, J. D. Climate change, indoor environments, and health. Indoor Air 22, 89-95 (2012) 
• Lowe, R. J., Huebner, G. M. & Oreszczyn, T. Possible future impacts of elevated levels of atmospheric C02 on human cognitive performance and on the design and operation of ventilation systems in buildings. Build. Serv. Eng Res. Technol. 39, 698-711 (2018). 
• Carlton, E. J. et al. Relationships between home ventilation rates and respiratory health in the Colorado Home Energy Efficiency and Respiratory Health (CHEER) study. Environ. Res. 169, 297-307 (2019).
• Chen, J., Brager, G. S., Augenbroe, G. & Song, X. Impact of outdoor air quality on the natural ventilation usage of commercial buildings in the US. Appl. Energy 235, 673-684 (2019). 
• Shrubsole, C. et al. Bridging the gap: the need for a systems thinking approach in understanding and addressing energy and environmental performance in buildings. Indoor Built Environ. 28, 100-117 (2019). 
• Vardoulakis, S. et al. Impact of climate change on the domestic indoor environment and associated health risks in the UK. Environ. Int. 85, 299-313 (2015). 
• Steinemann, A., Wargocki, P. & Rismanchi, B. Ten questions concerning green buildings and indoor air quality. Build. Environ. 112, 351-358 (2016). 
• Zappulla, D. in Air Pollution – Sources, Prevention, and Health Effects (ed. Sethi, R.) Ch. 16 (Nova Science, 2013). 
• Leung, D. Y. C. Outdoor-indoor air pollution in urban environment: challenges and opportunity. Front. Environ. Sci. 2, 69 (2015). 
• Fitzpatrick, M. C. & Dunn, R. R. Contemporary climatic analogs for 540 North American urban areas in the late 21st century. Nat. Commun. 10, 614 (2019). 
• King, A. D. & Harrington, L. J. The inequality of climate change from 1.5 to 2°C of global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 5030-5033 (2018). 
• Zhang, X., Wargocki, P. & Lian, Z. Physiological responses during exposure to carbon dioxide and bioeffluents at levels typically occurring indoors. Indoor Air 27, 65-77 (2017). 
• Zhang, X, Wargocki, P., Lian, Z. & Thyregod, C. Effects of exposure to carbon dioxide and bioeffluents on perceived air quality, self-assessed acute health symptoms, and cognitive performance. Indoor Air 27, 47-64 (2017). 
• Zhang, X, Wargocki, P. & Lian, Z. Human responses to carbon dioxide, a follow-up study at recommended exposure limits in non-industrial environments. Build. Environ. 100, 162-171 (2016). 
• Shiraram, S., Ramamurthy, K. & Ramakrishnan, S. Effect of occupant- induced indoor CO, concentration and bioeffluents on human phyiology using a spirometric test. Build. Environ. 149, 58-67 (2019).
• Vehvilainen, T et al. High indoor C02 concentrations in an office environment increases the transcutaneous CO, level and sleepiness during cognitive work. /. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 13, 19-29 (2016). 
• Hughson, R. L., Yee, N. J. & Greaves, D. K. Elevated end-tidal PC02 during long-duration spaceflight. Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 87, 894-897 (2016). 
• Law, J. et al. Relationship between carbon dioxide levels and reported headaches on the international space station. /. Occup. Environ. Med. 56, 477-483 (2014).
• Thorn, S. R., Bhopale, V M., Hu, J. & Yang, M. Inflammatory responses to acute elevations of carbon dioxide in mice. /. Appl. Physiol. 123, 297-302 (2017).
• Thorn, S. R., Bhopale, V. M., Hu, J. & Yang, M. Increased carbon dioxide levels stimulate neutrophils to produce microparticles and activate the nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor 3 inflammasome. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 106,406-416(2017). 
• Schneberger, D., DeVasure, J. M., Bailey, K. L., Romberger, D. J. & Wyatt, T. A. Effect of low-level C02 on innate inflammatory protein response to organic dust from swine confinement barns. /. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 12, 9 (2017). 
• Hutter, H. P. et al. Semivolatile compounds in schools and their influence on cognitive performance of children. Int. /. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 26, 628-635 (2013).
• Azuma, K., Kagi, N., Yanagi, U & Osawa, H. Effects of low-level inhalation exposure to carbon dioxide in indoor environments: a short review on human health and pscyhomotor performance. Environ. Int. 121, 51-56 (2018). 
• Kajtar, L. & Herczeg, L. Influence of carbon-dioxide concentration on human well-being and intensity of mental work. Idojaras 116, 145-169 (2012).
• Satish, U et al. Is CO, an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to- moderate CO, concentrations on human decision-making performance. Environ. Health Perspect. 120, 1671-1677 (2012). 
• Allen, J. G. et al. Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: a controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environ. Health Perspect. 124, 805-812 (2016). 
• Allen, J. G. et al. Airplane pilot flight performance on 21 maneuvers in a flight simulator under varying carbon dioxide concentrations. /. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 29, 457-468 (2019).
• Cao, X. et al. Heart rate variability and performance of commercial airline pilots during flight simulations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16, 237 (2019). 
• Snow, S. et al. Exploring the physiological, neurophysiological and cognitive performance effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations indoors. Build. Environ. 156, 243–252 (2019). 
• Rodehe er, C. D., Chabal, S., Clarke, J. M. & Fothergill, D. M. Acute exposure to low-to-moderate carbon dioxide levels and submariner decision making. Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 89, 520–525 (2018). 
• Snow, S. et al. Using EEG to characterise drowsiness during short duration exposure to elevated indoor carbon dioxide concentrations. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/483750 (2018). 
• MacNaughton, P. et al. Environmental perceptions and health before and a er relocation to a green building. Build. Environ. 104, 138–144 (2016). 
• Miller, A. H. & Raison, C. L. e role of in ammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 16, 22–34 (2016). 
• Cronym, P. D., Watkins, S. & Alexander, D. J. Chronic Exposure to Moderately Elevated CO2 During Long-Duration Space Flight (NASA Center for AeroSpace Information, 2012). 
• Bloch-Salisbury, E., Lansing, R. & Shea, S. A. Acute changes in carbon dioxide levels alter the electroencephalogram without a ecting cognitive function. Psychophysiology 37, 418–426 (2000). 
• Zouboules, S. M. & Day, T. A. e exhausting work of acclimating to chronically elevated CO2. J. Physiol. 597, 1421–1423 (2019). 
• Wang, D., omas, R. J., Yee, B. J. & Grunstein, R. R. Hypercapnia is more important than hypoxia in the neuro-outcomes of sleep-disordered breathing. J. Appl. Physiol. 120, 1484–1486 (2016). 
• Burgra , N. J. et al. Ventilatory and integrated physiological responses to chronic hypercapnia in goats. J. Physiol. 596, 5343–5363 (2018). 
• Miller, J. et al. Comorbidity, systemic in ammation and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort. Resp. Med. 107, 1376–1384 (2013). 
• Beheshti, A., Cekanaviciute, E., Smith, D. J. & Costes, S. V. Global transcriptomic analysis suggests carbon dioxide as an environmental stressor in space ight: a systems biology GeneLab case study. Sci. Rep. 8, 4191 (2018). 
• Schaefer, K. E. E ects of increased ambient CO2 levels on human and animal health. Experientia 38, 1163–1168 (1982). 
• Schaefer, K. E., Douglas, W. H. J., Messier, A. A., Shea, M. L. & Gohman, P. A. E ect of prolonged exposure to 0.5% CO2 on kidney calci cation and ultrastructure of lungs. Undersea Biomed. Res. 6, S155–S161 (1979). 
• Wade, C. E., Wang, T. J., Lang, K. C., Corbin, B. J. & Steele, M. K. Rat growth, body composition, and renal function during 30 days increased ambient CO2 exposure. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 71, 599–609 (2000). 
• Hacquemand, R. et al. E ects of CO2 inhalation exposure on mice vomeronasal epithelium. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 26, 309–317 (2010). 
• Robertson, D. S. Health e ects of increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Curr. Sci. 90, 1607–1609 (2006). 
• Robertson, D. S. Palaeo-variations in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and the relationship to extinctions. Speculat. Sci. Technol. 21, 171–185 (1999). 
• Guais, A. et al. Toxicity of carbon dioxide: a review. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 24, 2061–2070 (2011). 
• Carnauba, R. A., Baptistella, A. B., Paschoal, V. & Hübscher, G. H. Diet-induced low-grade metabolic acidosis and clinical outcomes: a review. Nutrients 9, 538 (2017). 
• Frassetto, L., Banerjee, T., Powe, N. & Sebastian, A. Acid balance, dietary acid load, and bone e ects-a controversial subject. Nutrients 10, 517 (2018). 
• Martrette, J. M. et al. E ects of prolonged exposure to CO2 on behaviour, hormone secretion and respiratory muscles in young female rats. Physiol. Behav. 177, 257–262 (2017). 
• Kiray, M. et al. E ects of carbon dioxide exposure on early brain development in rats. Biotech. Histochem. 89, 371–383 (2014). 
• Hersoug, L. G., Sjödin, A. & Astrup, A. A proposed potential role for increasing atmospheric CO2 as a promoter of weight gain and obesity. Nutr. Diabetes 2, e31 (2012). 
• Kikuchi, R. et al. Hypercapnia accelerates adipogenesis: a novel role of high CO2 in exacerbating obesity. Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol. 57, 570–580 (2017). 
• Medinas, D. B., Cerchiaro, G., Trindade, D. F. & Augusto, O. e carbonate radical and related oxidants derived from bicarbonate bu er. IUBMB Life 59, 255–262 (2007). 
• Ezraty, B., Chabalier, M., Ducret, A., Maisonneuve, E. & Dukan, S. CO2 exacerbates oxygen toxicity. EMBO Rep. 12, 321–326 (2011). 
• Veselá, A. & Wilhelm, J. e role of carbon dioxide in free radical reactions of the organism. Physiol. Res. 51, 335–339 (2002). 
• Zuj, K. A. et al. Impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation and reduced CO2 reactivity a er long duration space ight. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 302, H2592–H2598 (2012). 
• Zwart, S. R. et al. Astronaut ophthalmic syndrome. FASEB J. 31, 3746–3756 (2017). 
• Michael, A. P. & Marshall-Bowman, K. Space ight-induced intracranial hypertension. Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 86, 557–562 (2015). 
• Snow, S. et al. Exploring the physiological, neurophysiological and cognitive performance e ects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations indoors. Build. Environ. 156, 243–252 (2019). 
• Rodehe er, C. D., Chabal, S., Clarke, J. M. & Fothergill, D. M. Acute exposure to low-to-moderate carbon dioxide levels and submariner decision making. Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 89, 520–525 (2018). 
• Snow, S. et al. Using EEG to characterise drowsiness during short duration exposure to elevated indoor carbon dioxide concentrations. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/483750 (2018). 
• MacNaughton, P. et al. Environmental perceptions and health before and a er relocation to a green building. Build. Environ. 104, 138–144 (2016). 
• Miller, A. H. & Raison, C. L. e role of in ammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 16, 22–34 (2016). 
• Cronym, P. D., Watkins, S. & Alexander, D. J. Chronic Exposure to Moderately Elevated CO2 During Long-Duration Space Flight (NASA Center for AeroSpace Information, 2012). 
• Bloch-Salisbury, E., Lansing, R. & Shea, S. A. Acute changes in carbon dioxide levels alter the electroencephalogram without a ecting cognitive function. Psychophysiology 37, 418–426 (2000). 
• Zouboules, S. M. & Day, T. A. e exhausting work of acclimating to chronically elevated CO2. J. Physiol. 597, 1421–1423 (2019). 
• Wang, D., omas, R. J., Yee, B. J. & Grunstein, R. R. Hypercapnia is more important than hypoxia in the neuro-outcomes of sleep-disordered breathing. J. Appl. Physiol. 120, 1484–1486 (2016). 
• Burgra , N. J. et al. Ventilatory and integrated physiological responses to chronic hypercapnia in goats. J. Physiol. 596, 5343–5363 (2018). 
• Miller, J. et al. Comorbidity, systemic in ammation and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort. Resp. Med. 107, 1376–1384 (2013). 
• Beheshti, A., Cekanaviciute, E., Smith, D. J. & Costes, S. V. Global transcriptomic analysis suggests carbon dioxide as an environmental stressor in space ight: a systems biology GeneLab case study. Sci. Rep. 8, 4191 (2018). 
• Schaefer, K. E. E ects of increased ambient CO2 levels on human and animal health. Experientia 38, 1163–1168 (1982). 
• Schaefer, K. E., Douglas, W. H. J., Messier, A. A., Shea, M. L. & Gohman, P. A. E ect of prolonged exposure to 0.5% CO2 on kidney calci cation and ultrastructure of lungs. Undersea Biomed. Res. 6, S155–S161 (1979). 
• Wade, C. E., Wang, T. J., Lang, K. C., Corbin, B. J. & Steele, M. K. Rat growth, body composition, and renal function during 30 days increased ambient CO2 exposure. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 71, 599–609 (2000). 
• Hacquemand, R. et al. E ects of CO2 inhalation exposure on mice vomeronasal epithelium. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 26, 309–317 (2010). 
• Robertson, D. S. Health e ects of increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Curr. Sci. 90, 1607–1609 (2006). 
• Robertson, D. S. Palaeo-variations in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and the relationship to extinctions. Speculat. Sci. Technol. 21, 171–185 (1999). 
• Guais, A. et al. Toxicity of carbon dioxide: a review. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 24, 2061–2070 (2011). 
• Carnauba, R. A., Baptistella, A. B., Paschoal, V. & Hübscher, G. H. Diet-induced low-grade metabolic acidosis and clinical outcomes: a review. Nutrients 9, 538 (2017). 
• Frassetto, L., Banerjee, T., Powe, N. & Sebastian, A. Acid balance, dietary acid load, and bone e ects-a controversial subject. Nutrients 10, 517 (2018). 
• Martrette, J. M. et al. E ects of prolonged exposure to CO2 on behaviour, hormone secretion and respiratory muscles in young female rats. Physiol. Behav. 177, 257–262 (2017). 
• Kiray, M. et al. E ects of carbon dioxide exposure on early brain development in rats. Biotech. Histochem. 89, 371–383 (2014). 
• Hersoug, L. G., Sjödin, A. & Astrup, A. A proposed potential role for increasing atmospheric CO2 as a promoter of weight gain and obesity. Nutr. Diabetes 2, e31 (2012). 
• Kikuchi, R. et al. Hypercapnia accelerates adipogenesis: a novel role of high CO2 in exacerbating obesity. Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol. 57, 570–580 (2017). 
• Medinas, D. B., Cerchiaro, G., Trindade, D. F. & Augusto, O. e carbonate radical and related oxidants derived from bicarbonate bu er. IUBMB Life 59, 255–262 (2007). 
• Ezraty, B., Chabalier, M., Ducret, A., Maisonneuve, E. & Dukan, S. CO2 exacerbates oxygen toxicity. EMBO Rep. 12, 321–326 (2011). 
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